By studying legal texts, doctrine and jurisprudence of Iran, several examples can be found in which non-opposability, not as proof of the dispute, but as existence of legal elements, has been talked about. This concept of non-opposability, that is a kind of legal sanction, despite the reflection and use in domestic law, remains unclear and no exact conceptualization has been made. Moreover, the position of this sanction, along with other legal sanctions in the domestic system, is not clear, and as a result of this ambiguity, the effectiveness and application of this sanction in domestic law, due to the confusion of this concept with existing concepts, has sometimes been questioned or rejected. This study seeks on the one hand by defining the concept of non-opposability in its origin, it means French law, clear this concept in Iran law and on the other hand, by comparing this legal institution with similar concepts and the distinct boundaries of concepts, explain the position of this sanction in domestic law and prevents from confusion of existing concepts in this field.

During long times, conditional sentence of "relative breach" in Iran's law has been subjected of lawyers arguments. Some lawyers deny existence of this executive guarantee in Iran's law, also a group of them not only have accepted it, but also, in distinguishing its examples, have dealt generously. Some of them have chosen conservative solution and believed that theorizing in this case is not correct and written text in scattered laws are sufficient. Other authors, due to lack of this enforcement guarantee in Imamieh jurisprudence that Iran's law is based on it, suggested the term "capability of branch "instead of " relative breach. However, in the present study, we decided to investigate the causes of relative breach in law texts of both countries of Iran and France by deductive logic and then to investigative the feasibility of procedure in Imamieh jurisprudence. The present work confirms the possibility of this idea that in this case, theorizing in civil law of Iran has been valued and has been eligible of innovation and also has determined the internal realm of relative breach in law of Iran and France.

The sixth parliament at an open session passed the law of "organ transplantation of deceased patients or patients who their brain death is certain" including a single article and three notes on Wednesday dated 1379/01/17. In this note it is brought up that the reference of organ transplantation of patients who their brain death is certain is the patient's will or his legal guardians' permission after the death. In the present paper, author analyzes and surveys jurisprudents' views and opinions regarding the possibility of authority of these two elements as the main reference of organ transplantation. The author believes that the criterion of organ transplantation as a religious order is exigency. But deceased person's will or his legal guardians' permission can not be assumed as the main cause of organ transplantation. So if these two elements are not present, the principle of organ transplantation as an exigency is allowable.

Canine visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonosis protozoan disease that is potentially fatal to humans and dogs. In Iran, this disease is common and it is caused by Leishmania infantum Iranian standard strain (MCAN/IR/07/Moheb-gh). Several proteins are used for vaccination, one of them is LACK (Leishmania homologue for receptors for activated C kinase), a 36 KD protein. Because of the wide spread of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Iran, in this study molecular cloning of the LACK protective antigen of Leishmania infantum Iran strain was considered to produce an effective recombinant protein. Therefore, Genomic DNA of Leishmania infantum was extracted and used as a template for PCR test, Then, PCR product of the LACK was cloned into pTZ57R/T vector. Recombinant plasmid was extracted and analyzed by sequencing, restriction enzyme digestion and PCR test. The results showed that LACK gene was correctly cloned into pTZ57R/T vector and as expected it was 939bp. This study was the first step for designing a DNA vaccine based on LACK Leishmania infantum Iran stain for expression recombinant protein for subsequent studies.

Introduction: Leishmania major is the causative agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL), affecting millions of people worldwide. About ten percent of the world's population is at risk and two million new cases are reported annually. This disease is endemic in some parts of Iran and is also a major health problem in this country. LACK protein "among the vaccine candidate proteins of Leishmania" has considerable importance because of its role in regulating the immune responses against this disease.Materials and methods: In this study and for the first time, the LACK gene of the Iranian strain of Leishmania major was cloned and sequenced. A pair of primers was designed based on the LACK gene sequence in the gene bank, then the LACK gene of Leishmania major was PCR amplified using the Taq polymerase enzyme. The amplified LACK gene was ligated into the pTZ57R plasmid and transformed into the E. coli Xllblue. The transformed clone was cultured under the appropriate conditions, and the obtained colonies were screened using the different restriction enzymes. After verification by restriction digestion, one of the recombinant plasmids was sequenced using the automated DNA sequencing method.Results: Comparison between the LACK gene sequence from the Iranian strain of Leishmania major and the LACK gene of Leishmania major in the gene bank (Accession number U27568) showed a %99 homology. The amplified LACK sequence contained 939 bp, hence encoding a protein encompassing 313 amino acids.Discussion: Complete homology among the LACK gene sequence of the Iranian strain of Leishmania major and the LACK gene sequence of other Leishmania major strains and Leishmania genera is in agreement with other studies which have indicated that the LACK gene sequence is conserved among different Leishmania genera. Therefore it can be concluded that the results from the LACK gene of different Leishmania genera can be extended to each other. It is feasible to cut out the LACK sequence from pTZ57R-LACK clone and sub clone it into an appropriate plasmid for the expression and production of the LACK protein. Additionally it would be possible to produce mutations or knocking out a part of this gene to modify the pathogenesis of Leishmania.

This paper is to study the transaction possibility of future property, and the bases of transaction nullity of future property and designing the general rule for these transactions. There would be a question that why the famous jurists and lawyers knew as nullity transaction of future property, and how much the given arguments are valid, and also in what cases it is possible to know truth the transaction of future property under a general rule. The result was that transaction of future property has known as nullity mainly because of some Jurisprudential exemplum (called Revayat in Islamic jurisprudence) and the forbidden of belonging of possession of nonexistent and its uncertainty, while there are also some Jurisprudential exemplum indicating the truth of transaction of future property. Moreover, prompt possession is not the inherent prerequisite of possessive contracts and possession takes place after the emersion of the subject of contract. In addition, transaction of future property is not uncertain and should be known as truth, if there is conjecture of creation of the property in the future according to the normal routine of affairs. Therefore, the existence of subject of contract meanwhile of conclusion is not of the main conditions and general rule and is necessary only in the cases which the mind basis of the parties is on the transaction of existent property.

Due to the importance of Tabriz in various historical periods after the Mongol’s invasion to the end of the Qajar period, as continuously being the capital city or the residence city of the prince, entrance to this city has been reflected in various reports. Most of the foreigners who entered Iran from European countries came from Caucasus Road to Tabriz and reported many buildings on their way. Moreover, this road was one of the most significant roadways for Caravans on the Silk Road, where various residential buildings have been constructed. Alaki caravansarai is one of the most important roadside accommodations in Northwest Iran, and so many reports about it and the quality of its façade decorations can be traced in the travelogues of foreigners who traveled to Iran. Its vastitude and elegant entrance gate nevertheless, this building has unfortunately been neglected and was about to be ruined in the 19th century and afterward. However, the beauty of its entrance gate has gained the attention of many people and has been reported in many sources. Based on the ornaments used, recent sources in the history of architecture have estimated its date to the 12th century and Ilkhanid Abū Saʿīd Bahādor Khan and the Timurid period. These sources based their estimation only on the type of ornaments used on its entrance gate and its probable that the existence of dated artworks of the Ilkhanid period nearby, such as the Mihrab of Marand’s Jame Mosque, has influenced this speculation. This article aims to meticulously study this building in various travelogues, al-Wqafīyya al-Rashīdīyya, and other sources in the history of architecture and discusses the ornament types used and their history. The detailed study of the documents and sources indicated that this building could belong to the presidency period of Ḵᵛāja Rašid-al-Din Fażl-Allāh, and based on his emphasis to establish this building, can be dated 1297-1309. The ornaments, moreover, indicate the transient period from brickwork to tilework which happened in the late 13th and early 14th centuries

The reception and influence of Popper’s philosophy of science and his political philosophy in Latin America have depended heavily on the translation of his major works originally published in German and English. Thus, for example, The Logic of Scientific Discovery, which was originally published in 1959, was translated into Spanish in 1962 and into Portuguese only in 1974. Similarly, The Open Society and Its Enemies, originally published in 1945, was translated into Spanish twelve years later in 1957 and into Portuguese in 1974. But apart from a discussion of the impact of the translations of his books, I also want to show that the political situation in some Latin American countries, for example, Chile, Cuba and Peru, has played a very important role in the introduction, reception and influence of Popper’s philosophy of science in general and his social and political thought in particular. Accordingly, the main purpose of this article is to examine the reception of Popper’s ideas in Latin America and give an account of his influence and legacy in some of the Latin American countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay.